Method of and means for permanently waving hair



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Filed my 25, 1942 a ci MeDoNouGl-i Er m. 2,434279 Y HAVING HAIR 4Sheets-Shui l 7K@ ATTURNEY Jan, 1% w48. E. G.:- McDoNouGH Erm. 2,434,279

METHOD OF AND MEANS FOR PERHANERTLY WAVING HAIR' Filed Nay 25, 1942 4Sheets-$11681'. 2

immuun iii 33, 19.43 as. McDcNouGH Er An.. 2,434,279

BTHOD OF 'AND LiEANS FOR PERIANENTLY WAVING HAIR 4 Sheets-Shoot Filedlay 25, 194C ,im 7 7. w.. www n uw@ n www n aM am m MW E. G., McDoNouGHET An.

METHOD 0F AND MEANS FOR PERMANENTLY WAVING HAIR 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 FiledMay 25, 1942 72 if f5 7i INVENTO 0M M M060.

m ATTRNEY lill Patented Jan. 13, 1948 METHOD F AND MEANS FOR PERMA-NENTLY WAVING HAIR Everett G. McDonough, Yonkers, and Virginia M.McGoldrick, Jackson Heights, N. Y.-

Application May 25, 1942, Serial No. 444,320

13 Claims.

This invention relates generally to the art of permanently waving hairand more particularly to the art of heatless waving, by which is meantwaving at body or room tempertaureor at such other temperatures as arenot uncomfortable or harmful to the human body.

It is knownthat a permanent wave can be imparted to a tress of hair bywinding the tress on a mandrel and then (or previously) treating it witha waving solution and steaming heat to soften it and release theinternal forces set up by winding, which otherwise, would tend torestore it to its original form, and thereafter fixing it in its newform by establishing new internal bonds therein. The earlier wavingsolutions thus required the application of a steaming heat and the xingof the wave by subsequent cooling. More recently certain wavingsolutions have been devised which require only that they be applied fora sufficient time at temperatures comfortable to the vbody and that theybe removed by washing, or by a neutralizing chemical, or both, in orderto fix the wave after the curl has been formed and treated with thewaving solution.

Our invention relates to means for and methods of performing theoperations of permanent waving where fixing of the waves is accomplishedin the manner last indicated. By our invention many disadvantagesinherent in all prior systems, both of the hot wave and of the heatlesswave types, are overcome.

A fundamental disadvantage in prior hair waving systems is that theoperator can neither observe nor adequately control the actual hairwaving operation, once it is started. Itis a well recognized fact thatcarefulness and skill of the operator are of prime importance in theoperation of any hair waving system and the less the operator cancontrol the conditions as they arise during the actual waving operationthe less effective is her skill. The hairs on no two heads are exactlyalike, receptive hair requiring different treatment from resistant hair.Moreover, hair on different portions of the same head may vary greatly,that on the upper part of the head ordinarily being coarser than thatlower down and around the neck. New problems are presented if the hairhas been previously treated, e. g. bleached, in which case the treatmentmay have been unevenly applied, not only to hair on different parts ofthe same head but also on different parts of the same strand, a markeddifference usually existing between the tip of thestrand and the portionadjacent to the roots of 2 treatment if optimum results are to beachieved.

While in prior systems complicated ,adjustments diflicult topredetermine may be made preliminary to treating the hair these have notproved uniformly satisfactory. Compromise op erating conditions, theaverage of the optimum conditions for the entire head, are assumed inadvance of the actual waving operation. Individual treatment of eachstrand or portions of a strand according to its optimum requirements,is, by prior systems, impossible.

The above noted disadvantages in prior systems flow from the fact thatthey require that the wound tresses, throughout the waving operation,remain on the mandrels on which they were initially wound to give themthe desired size and shape, and to the further fact that during thiswaving period they are also necessarily concealed from and inaccessibleto the operator. The form and character of the waves, once the wavingoperation is started, are thus dependent upon vthe automatic action ofthe system. The fsa'me duration of time and distribution of solutionobtain for all wound tresses on the same head. and these factors are notsubject to the manipulative skill of the operator.

By our invention we overcome these and other disadvantages inherent inthe prior art systems of permanent waving. An important feature of ourinvention is the production of a hollow tubular wound tress of hair rmlysecured to the clamp which grips the tress adjacent to its roots andholds it in fixed position on the head in such manner that the interiorof the hollow tress .as well as its exterior are completely accessibleto the operator for the application of the waving solution to-theparticular part or parts, and for the different periods of timenecessary to give the desired characteristics to the resultant permanentwave. Thus the skilled operator is unhampered in producing the mostartistic or wanted effects in each curl on any part of the head, andeach curl need not be a duplicate of the others. Also the operator canavoid the danger, present in prior systems, of overwaving or underwavingany particular curl or portion thereof. This is highly important forusually the tip of the wound tress is more quicklyv waved than portionsnear its roots. Since the tip constitutes the innermost layer of thetubular tress, by our method less waving solution can be applied to itby the operator, or for a shorter time, than to the outer layers. Thusoverwavng or underwaving of any particular portion of the hair, or a.compromise the hair. Each such condition calls for special overwavzngIof one portion and underwaving of another portion, can be avoided, andthe optimum characteristics can be given each portion.

Our method of producing the hollow tubular wound tress and of attachingit in that form to the' clamp without disturbing the shape or positionofany of the hairs therein is an important feature of our invention. Toaccomplish this we provide a sectional mandrel preferably of two similarparts normally maintained in alignment with each other by appropriatemeans at their inner ends and prevented from separating by a strip,preferably flexible and elastic, the ends of which are removablyattached to the respective free ends of the assembled mandrel. Thetress, starting with the free end, is wound about the complete assembly,including the strip, until it is fully wound and in substantial contactwith the clamp. The ends of the strip are then removed from theirengagement with the ends of the mandrel and are attached to therespective ends of the clamp, thereby locking the wound tress thereto.Each section of the mandrel is then pulled outwardly, leaving the hollowtubular wound tress in situ, bound to the clamp. To facilitate thisoperation each section of the mandrel is preferably of a truncated coneshape. the truncated ends of the two sections being adjacent each otherwhen assembled.

As a further feature of our invention which is necessary in order togive the operator full view of and access to the hollow curls and topermit her toapply the waving solution thereto, we provide an open topdrain shield adapted to pass around the outer edges of the hair of thehead to prevent the drain of the solution from the curls from runningdown the face and neck, and to permit its withdrawal and recirculationor disposal as waste, both being within the contemplation of ourinvention.

Our invention allows for an unusual flexibility since We may use eitherdifferent solutions for substantially standard periods of time or astandard solution for different periods of time, or a combination ofthese.

We have found that some four or five solutions varying in theconcentration of the Waving agent are suicient to provide for most typesof hair.

Likewise, with our invention we have found that a standard solution usedfor different periods of time is suiclent to wave most types of hair.However, with this invention, variation with'both the solutionsconcentration and the period of treatment is possible, thus giving asystem which will assure a wave for any type of hair.

Many further advantages flow from our invention. Since our ,mandrels areremoved as soon as the winding and attachment of the curls to the clampsis completed, the customer is not required to support the combinedweight of some 30 to 40, or more, mandrels on her head, one for eachcurl, during the actual Waving operation. This also materially reducesthe cost of the operators equipment since only three mandrels at mostare necessary for winding all the curls on the entire head, this numberbeing desirable to allow for choice of proper size in particularlocations on the head, whereas in other systems a mandrel is necessaryfor each curl during the entire waving operation and an extra, number isneeded if allowance is made for choice of proper size. The greaterilexibility both in our equipment and treatment permits the operator togive an individualized or custom-made wave. The degree of tightness ofthe wave given any curl is under the operators direct control. Onlycertain sections oi.' the head need be waved if desired. Because theentire operation can be watched by the operator, no skipped curls occur.as may happen in other systems due to the fact that the failure of awaving instrumentality to function is concealed from the operator. Ourmethod leaves the hair in excellent condition, easy to comb, soft,manageable and not dried out, the hair in fact being restored to itsoriginal condition save as to form or shape.

Other advantages inherent in our invention will be apparent from thedetailed description thereof.

For the purpose of exemplillcation and without limiting our invention orclaims thereto, certain preferred embodiments of our invention are shownin the accompanying drawings in which:

Fig. l shows a clamp embodying an important feature of our invention;

Fig. 2 shows a sectional mandrel also embodying an important feature ofour invention;

Fig. 3 shows the mandrel with its associated parts assembled ready forwinding hair thereon:

Figs. 4A and 4B are views of two forms of retaining members for use inthe assembly of Fig. 3;

Fig. 5 shows a tress of hair Wound on the assembled mandrel of Fig. 3and secured to the clamp of Fig. 1 by the retaining member of Fig. 4A;

Fig. 6 is a view similar to Fig. 5 with the mandrel removed and showingthe manner in which a fluid may be applied to the hollow wound tress;

Fig. 7 is a perspective view of a complete systern for carrying out thehair waving operations embodying our invention;

Fig. 8 is a rear view of the apparatus of Fig. 7, with vessels omitted;

Fig. 9 shows a modification of the system of Fig. 7;

Fig. 10 shows a further modification wherein a constant stream of wavingsolution is provided;

Fig. 11 is a side elevation of a further important modification of oursystem;

Fig. 12 is a top plan view of the drain shield or headgear of Fig. 11when collapsed into a fiat disc; and

Fig. 13 is a plan view of the drain board and its attachment, of Fig.11.

Referring to Fig. 1 of the drawings, there is shown a clamp l forengaging a strand of hair 2, said clamp being of special constructionand of a type preferred in the practice of our system and method of hairwaving. Said clamp is provided with two jaws 3 and 4, preferably ofresilient material, such as rubber surrounding bars 5. One end of eachbar 5 is pivotally connected to the corresponding end of a link 6 bypivots l. At the other end of the clamp there is provided a link lpivoted at 9 to'one end of bar 5 and provided at its other end with apivoted cam member l0 having a shoulder I l adapted to engage a notch I2 in the free end of the other bar 5. When the two jaw members aremanually pressed together against the strand of hair, the cam member l0is manually swung yupon its pivot I3 causing the shoulder l I to engagethe notch l2 and on further movement the cam member causes the jaws tofirmly grip the strand between them and to be locked in this position.In order that the coil of hair, when formed, may be held upon the clampwe have provided lugs or ears il and l5, integral with and extendingoutwardly from the centers of the links 6 and 8 and adapted to operatein a manner hereinafter described. The rubber covered jaws are made asthin as possible, in order that the hair may be grasped and held closeto it shall'be a hollow coil. Accordingly we have devised a mandrelwhich is readily removable after winding the strand thereon withoutdisturbing the wound coil.

In Figs. 2 and 3 is illustrated such a mandrel. This mandrel comprisestwo separate body sections, IG and Il, each preferably being oftruncated cone shape, the outer or larger end of each sectionterminating in an outwardly extending reduced portion or pin I8preferably square in cross-section. The inner or truncated ends of thesections are adapted to t in inter-locked relationship to each other insuch manner as to prevent relative turning of the two sections. Toaccomplish this result we have cut away a portion of each truncated endto form step-shaped portions I9 and 20 respectively, adapted to overlap'each other on their inner or ilat faces to form a smooth continuousmandrel tapered from its outside ends inwardly to the center which is ofminimum diameter. To hold the two sections in alignment and to permitthem to be readily separated, when desired, there is provided a pin 2lextending axially, say, from the section I6, which is adapted to seat inan axial bore 22 in the corresponding end of the other section I'I.

For the successful performance cf our preferred method of waving it isnecessary that the sections of the mandrel be rmly held together duringthe winding operation and that the strand, after it has been completelywound on the mandrel, shall be rmly attached to the clamp of Fig. 1, insuch manner that the form of the wound coil will be exactly maintainedafter the mandrel is removed therefrom. To this end we preferablyassociate with the mandrel, as shown in Fig. 3, an elastic andextensible member 23, whichmay comprise a strip of rubber, or equivalentmeans, provided with a hole 24 in each end, said strip being adapted tobe stretched and its perforated ends carried over the pins I8 on eachend of the mandrel, said pins passing through said holes 24, thusretaining said extensible member in place which in turn holds the twosections of the mandrel together against any force tending to separatethem.

The parts of the mandrel being assembled as shown in Fig. 3, the strandis wound about both the body of the mandrel and the elastic member 23,the latter conforming to the shape of the mandrel under the pressure ofwinding. The strand is wound from its tip to the clamp. The winding maybe conveniently accomplished by a key 21 of conventional type, providedwith an aperture 28 squared to fit over the square pins I8. When thehair has been wound into substantial engagement with the clamp, as shownin Fig. 5, the wound coil is bound thereto by removing the ends of theelastic extensible member ,23 from the pins I8 of the mandrel andattaching them, respectively, to the adjacent ears I4 and I5 of theclamp. Since the extensible member 23 is on the inside of the coil, thisoperation results in the wound coil being firmly held for its entirelength against the clamp. The two sections I6 and I1 of the mandrel arenow easily removed from the opposite ends of the wound coil, leaving thehollow coil firmly attached to the clamp as shown in Fig. 6, withoutthere having been any opportunity for the hairs constituting the coil tobecome displaced. This has been easily and effectively accomplished by asingle element, the strip 23, in association with parts of the mandrelsections and clamp. This simple combination of parts therefore performsthree highly essential functions, i. e, holds the sections of themandrel together to permit winding a coil of hair thereon, transfersanchorage of the coil when fully wound from the mandrel to the clamp,and firmly binds the coil to the clamp during its subsequent treatmentwith waving solutions. i,

In Figs. 4A and 4B two forms of the extensible member 23 are shown. Theextensible member 23 of Fig. 4A is provided with a tab 25 at one end toaid in attaching and detachlng that end from the corresponding ends ofthe mandrel and clamp.

The other end is readily attached or detached when dry, as in assemblingthe mandrel. When both ends are wet, as when treatment with the wavingsolution has been completed and it is desired to release the wavedcurlfrom the clamp, the tab 25 permits easy removal of its end from the earI4 of the clamp which relaxes the tabless end of the strip sufficientlyto permit its easy removal from the ear I5 of the clamp. The strip isthen easily removed from the waved curl by pulling on the tab, since thetabless end readily passes through the curl without disturbing it. InFig. 4B the tab portions 26 at each end of the strip 23 assist inattaching and removing either end from the corresponding ends of themandrel and clamp,

As has been already indicated the ultimate purpose in producing a hollowcoil of hair held firmly in its place on the head by the clamp is toenable the operator to apply waving solution to any part of the coil,inside or outside, necessary to impart to the curl .the finalindividualistic characteristics desired. The complete operation foraccomplishing this final result therefore requires special apparatuspermitting the direct application by the operator of waving solution tothe coils of hair on the head, which in turn requires that free accessby the operator to all coils on the head in order to apply the solutionmust be provided for, while at the same time adequate provision must bemade for draining off the surplus waving solution from the coils of hairto permit it from flowing down the face and neck of the customer. Thelatter provision is particularly necessary in our system of waving sinceit contemplates the use of liberal applications of the waving solutionto the coils of hair.

In Figs. 7 and 8 is shown one type of means devised by us foraccomplishing these results. These means include an open top drainshield 29 resting on head 30. The shield is preferably provided with asoft bead or band 3| of rubber or like stretchable and cushioningmaterial, which is adapted to be stretchably applied to the foreheadaround the hair line to seal it against leakage.` The body of the shieldmay be -made of rubber, o r other suitable material 33 about the upperedge of which is preferably attached in any suitable manner a wire ring34, or other reinforcement, of sufficient rigidity to cause the body ofthe shield to form a dish-shaped member when .the ring 34 is pulledupwardly and away from the bead 3|. The open top of the shield permitsthe operator to see all parts of the wound coils of hair while applyingthe waving solution thereto, thus enabling her to apply the solution to`such surfaces of the hollow coil of hair and for such duration of timeas may be necessary to impart the exact characteristicsto the finalpermanent curl desired. Arranged at the back and at the low point of theshield is shown a funnel shaped member 35 adapted to receive the excessnuid 'as it flows from the coils of hair to remove it from the shieldand prevent the tendency for pockets of liquid to build up around thebead 3l, possibly causing leakage thereunder. To further insure againstsuch seepage a sealing cream of suitable consistency may be appliedaround the edge of the bead, and particularly at those points adjacentthe ears. However, it is not usually necessary to use such sealingcreams.

The method of operating the system of Figs.'

7 and 8 is as follows: The shield is adjusted on the customers head, asshown. The preferred method of procedure is to first rinse the head withwater. This is not imperative, but is desirable in order that there maybe even distribution of the waving solution subsequently applied. Thewaving solution is then applied by the operator in any desired mannercapable of directional control, either to the inner surface of the curlas shown in full lines in Fig. 6, or to its outer surface as shown indotted lines in said figure, or to both surfaces to the relative degreethat the operator may elect, in order to obtain the wave characteristicsdesired. In Fig. 7 the solution is shown as applied by pouring it from awatering can 31 with an appropriately shaped spout 31a. Where the wavingsolution drawn off through the funnel 35 is not re-used by recirculationbut is discarded, a larger quantity of the solution is required. Inorder to conserve the quantity of solution used, a second can 38 isshown in Fig. 7 located below the funnel 35 to catch the drain which,when the solution in the first can is` exhausted, can be re-used forwaving, the positions of the two cans being interchanged. The flow ofthe solution should be gentle to enable it to spread over and soakthrough the surfaces of the curl and to prevent its being forced throughsome by-pass of least resistance, causing part of the curl to beinsufficiently waved or not waved at all. l

After the curls have been sufilciently treated with waving solution togive them the desired form or shape the waving solution is washed out ofthe hair to set the wave.

After washing, or in lieu thereof, it is advantageous to treat the hairwith a fixing solution to remove all traces of the waving solution,thereby making the wave more permanent.

In Fig. 9 is shown a modified system in which the solution is applied tothe hair by a hand syringe 39 having a reduced orifice at the one end,whereby a well directed and controlled stream of liquid can be manuallyejected against any desired portion of the hair. The excess solution iscaught in a container 40 below the funnel 35 and can be re-used ifdesired.

In this embodiment, a drain shield 29' of slightly different form isshown, being somewhat higher and having an open top of less diameterthan that in Fig. 7. It is preferably made of transparent material suchas Pliofllm, or the like, and is suiciently self-supporting to be movedby its top rim 34 to enable the operator to readily see the part of thehead being treated.

While the above methods of applying the liquid to the hair are adequateand fully capable of producing the results contemplated by ourinvention, it is desirable, from the point of view of economy of time,ease of operation, and comlmatic recirculating system for applying theliquid shown in Fig. 1o in which the drain shield 4| is provided, asbefore, with an outlet 42 connected by suitable tubing 43 to the sump 44of a pump device. This pump may be of any suitable construction, but ishere shown as an impeller pump 45 driven by an electric motor 46. Fromthe outlet 41 of the pump, the liquid is pumped through the tube 48 andnozzle 49. The operation of this system is broadly the same as thosepreviouslyV described save that no manual labor is required torecirculate the solutions. Water for washing the head may he similarlyrecirculated or, if desired, the nozzle 49 may be placed. say in a sinkand the water applied to the head from a faucet, or other source, thedrain water being removed by the pump system. This permits fresh waterto be applied to the head at al1 times and also serves to clean the pumpand its connections of the waving solution,

In Figs.'11, 12 and 13 is shown a highly practical and satisfactory formof our invention possessinf,f many distinct advantages. In this form thedrain shield 50 is of very simple construction. The drain-oil' funnelintegral with the drain shields of the systems previously disclosed ishere dispensed with, greatly simplifying the shield structure andreducing its cost of manufacture. This shield, as illustrated, comprisesa body portion 52 conveniently of rubber, or the like, a bead 5i at itslower edge and a reinforcement 53 at its upper edge, of the generalcharacter previously described. By this arrangement, there is provided adrain shield of extremely simple dishshaped form, without accessoryfeatures and therefore capable of being collapsed to a fiat disc whennot in use. 'I'he shield is preferably applied to the head by stretchingits beaded edge thereover and therefore it is preferable to provideseveral sizes to permit better fitting of heads of different sizes.

A standard shampoo board 55 adapted to enibrace the customers neck at 51in the usual manner is also preferably provided. This board isconveniently adjustably supported upon a suitable standard 56. Thecustomers head is preferably tilted backward until the lower portion 0fthe shield 50 rests upon the top of the shampoo board at 58. The wavingsolution is applied to the head by a nozzle 59, or similar means. Thesurplus liquid flows downwardly and backwardly from the hair andtherefore with minimum tendency to leak-under the bead 5i, and isdrained from the open end of the shield, at its lowest point, onto theboard 55, from which lt may flow directly into the sink, or other wastereceptacle, unless it is desired that it be recirculated. If it isdesired to recirculate the liquid, there is provided at the lower end ofthe board a drain collector member 50 conveniently of flattenedfunnelshape of any suitable material which may be telescoped over the end of,or otherwise attached to the board to catch'the' surplus liquid as itflows from the board. The member 60 may plete and adequate control, toprovide an autoadvantageously comprise an extensible rubber bag, theupper end of which may be stretched over the end of the board, the lowerend extending downwardly to form a reservoir portion 52, with a nozzle6| at its lower end. The nozzle 5| may drain into a' vessel of the typeshown in Fig. 7 or 9 or may be connected through a arredare suitabletube or pipe into a recirculating system as shown.

Thus, in this particular embodiment of the invention it is possible toutilize the standard equipment of a beauty shop such as the shampooboard 55, the stand 56 'and the sink. Or, if recirculation is desired,it may be obtained by simply adding thereto the co'lector member 60characteristics of an automatic feed of the waving solution in thepractice of our method of hair waving. This pump unit comprises anelectric motor 62 provided with a drive shaft 63 suitably connected to aspindle 64 adapted to carry the impeller blade 65. This impeller bladeis located within the chamber 66 of the pump casing 61,

`with the minimum amount of space between its edges and the faces of thechamber. The blade is preferably of fiat thin contour although it may besuitably shaped to assist in obtaining a greater impeller action ifdesired. There is also provided a reservoir 68 which has a flange 69 atits upper end for connection to a similar flange 10 at the bottomof themotor casing. The reservoir is preferably of inverted truncated coneshape extending downwardly to the pump casing and its open truncated endis attached to, or formed integral with, the tc-p of the pump casingaround the central orifice 'Il therein through which the spindle 64passes. The diameter of the lower part of the reservoir and orifice issufficient'y small to supply adequate fluid from the reservoir to theimpeller blade chamber 66 despite the possibility that the reservoir maycontain only a small quantity of solution. This construction will alsoinsure a suiiicient head of liquid to keep the amount of air driventhereinto at a minimum, thus preventing frothing or variation of theliquid and possible oxidation. The pump casing 61 is provided with abase 12. An Opening 13 is provided in the reservoir casing near its topthrough which the drain tube 6 l is passed. Overflow holes 14 may beprovided around the upper edge of the reservoir to protect the motorfrom excess liquid in the reservoir. The liquid is delivered throughoutlet 'l5 through the nozzle 16 to the nozze 59.

From the foregoing it is seen that our system is exceedingly exible andis at all times under the direct control of the operator. In applyingthe waving solution a nozzle of any preferred form may be used and ifdesired it may be of sufficiently small diameter to actually enter thehollow coil of hair, and directly apply the solution to any point orpoints desired; or, if desired, a larger nozzle may be used whichinsures a stream of solution of suilicient size to wet the entire innersurface of the coil. In prior systems the mandrel remains in the coilthroughout the Waving operation and the solution is applied either tothe exterior surface of the coil alone or through a hollow mandrel withradial openings leading to the wound coll. The latter method has thedistinct disadvantage that the tip of the strand which is usually abusedand therefore the easiest to wave and accordingly should have the leastof the solution applied to it, receives the most and the portions of thestrand nearer the roots which should receive the most actually receivethe least. This follows from the fact that the coil of hair offerssubstantial resistance to the passage of the solution through it andby-passes of least resistance are formed through which much of thesolution passes. In our system the coils of hair do not act as barrierssince the solution may be applied both to the inner and outer surfacesof the coil in the exact proportion indicated by the condition of thehair.

Where rubber and f like material have been referred to in describingvarious parts of our apparatus it is to be understood that similar mate:rial such as Pliolnr, treated fabrics, Cellophane or the like materialmay be employed. Or such parts as the drain shield may be made of rigidmaterial, e. g., a plastic, with suitable cushioning material on itslower edge. Also, while we have disclosed a highly desirable form ofremovable mandrel, other forms may be used.

While our invention has been explained with reference to Croquignolewinding as an example, it is obvious that it is equally applicable toany other form of winding or disposition of the hair, e. g., hair Iwoundhelically about amandrel (spiral waving).

In the foregoing, preferred embodiments of our invention have beenspecifically described but it is obvious that many modifications withinthe spirit and scope of our invention and claims may be made.

We claim:

1. The method of permanently waving hair comprising winding the hairinto the form of a hollow, self-supporting curl. and applying thereto awaving solution, at a temperature harmless to the human body, directlyand selectively to the desired portion or portions of the curl, insideand outside, at the will of the operator, for the time required to givethe desired characteristics to each part of the hair.

2. The method of permanently waving hair comprising'forming a pluralityof hollow selfsupporting curls, and applying a Waving solution, at atemperature harmless to the human body, directly and selectively to thedesired portion or portions of each curl, inside and outside, at thewill of the operator, for the time required to give the desiredcharacteristics to each part of the hair.

3. In the method of claim l, the step of applying said waving solutionto the selected portions of the curl in the form of a flowing stream.

4. In the method of claim 1, the step of fixing the characteristics inthe hair so treated.l

5. The method of claim 4 wherein said characteristics are fixed bywashing said waving vsolution out of the hair.

6. The method of claim 4 wherein said wave characteristics are fixed byapplying a neutralizing liquid to the hair.

7. In the method of claim 2, the steps of collecting and reapplying tothe curls solution that flows away therefrom.

8. The method of permanently waving a strand of hair which comprisesforming the hair into a hollow, self-supporting curl wherein the strandends are exposed at the inside and the scalp portion of said strand isexposed at the outside of said hollow curl, and applying cold wavingsolution selectively, at the will of the operator, to

the exposed portions of the hair inside and outside saidhollow curl inamounts and for the times required to give desired wave characteristicsto said different parts of said strand.

9. In the method of claim 8; the step of di- 11 recting a gentle streamof solution through the interior of said curl from end to end thereof.

10. In apparatus for use in permanently waving strands o! hair on ahead, wound in hollow tubular coils: a movable liquid conduit fordirecting a stream of waving solution to the free surfaces of said coilsor to individual portions thereof, outside and inside, at the will ofthe operator; an open-top drain shield having an interior resilientopening fitting around the hair line of the head with a substantiallyliquid-tight grip leaving the free surfaces of the coils exposed topermit application of the solution, said shield being movable with thehead; a combined support and drain-board having a surface for engagingand supporting the rear portion of the neck when the head is tiltedbackward for application of the waving solution; the lower edge of saiddrain shield resting on the drain-board to shed solution thereto whenthe head is so tilted and supported; a reservoir for the excess solutionfrom the coils of hair fed by said combined support and drain; and apump associated with said reservoir and connected to said conduit forreapplying said excess solution to the coils; whereby the operator maydirectly apply the waving solution to any portion or all portions of thecoils, exteriorly or interiorly thereof, or both, and to the relativedegrees necessary to give the desired individualistic characteristics tothe c urls.

11. In apparatus for use in permanently waving strands of hair on ahead, wound in hollow tubular coils: a movable liquid conduit fordirecting a, stream of waving solution to the free surfaces of saidcoils or to individual portions thereoi', outside and inside, at thewill of the operator; an open-top drain shield having an interiorresilient opening tting around the hair line of the head with asubstantially liquid-tight grip leaving the free surfaces of the coilsexposed to permit application of the solution, said shield being movablewith the head; a, combined support and drain-board having' a surface forengaging and supporting the rear portion of the neck when the head istilted backward for application of the waving solution; the lower edgeof said drain shield resting on the drain-board to shed solution theretowhen the head is so tilted and supported; a reservoir to collect fromthe drain-board the excess solution for recirculation through saidconduit for reapplication to the coils; whereby the operator maydirectly apply the waving solution to any portion or all portions of thecoils, exteriorly or interiorly thereof, or both, and to the relativedegrees necessary to give the desired individualistic characteristics tothe curls.

12. In apparatus for use in applying treating solutions to hair on thehead: means for applying the solution to said hair; a drain for theexcess solution; power-drive, reservoir and pump casings: thepower-drive casing being attached to the top of the reservoir casing andcontaining the power means for driving the pump: said reservoir casingbeing provided with a connection to the drain the pump casing containingthe impeller blade of the Dump, said pump casing being at tached to thelower end of said reservoir casing and being provided with an opening inits top communicating with said reservoir and having an outlet incommunication with the means for applying the solution to said hair; anda vertical shaft operatively connected to said power means and extendingaxially through said reservoir and the opening in the top of the pumpcasing to the impeller blade of the pump for driving the same.

13. The combination defined in claim 12, in

which said reservoir is provided with overiiow connections to protectthe power-drive mechanism.

EVERE'I'I' G. McDONOUGH. VIRGINIA M. McGOLDRICK.

file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 367,157 Norvotnick July 26, 1887485,924 Garbutt Nov, 8, 1892 2,167,572 Howe July. 25, 1939 2,331,065Willat Oct. 5, 1943 2,156,073 Wallace et al. Apr. 25, 1939 1,560.347Gambon Nov. 3, 1925 2,225,873 LaRue Dec. 24, 1940 2,139,844 Solomon Dec.13, 1938 1,884,891 Sequerso Oct. 25, 1932 2,056,358 Malone Oct. 6, 19362,061,709 Malone Nov. 24, 1936 2,183,894 Pye Dec. 19, 1939 2,180,380Willat Nov. 21, 1939 1,960,648 Peyrole May 29, 1934 2,009,993 BleuelAug. 6, 1935 2,195,803 Willat Apr. 2, 1940 2,214,589 Leland Sept. 10,1940 2,156,948 Kayn May 2, 1939 1,612,602 Bowman Dec. 28, 1926 FOREIGNPATENTS Number Country Date 12,475 Great Britain 1904 OTHER REFERENCESNotice of Judgment 51-57, Federal Security Agency, under the FederalFood, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, U. S. Government Printing Oiilce,Washington, D. C.

